Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. In military dictatorships, it is the military that exerts complete or substantial control over the government rather than a political clique. What are the countries with a democracy government? [8]:456, The second distinction made is whether the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. Terrible things have been done in the name of socialism and here are some of the most rigorous dictators. ", "Dictators and Their Followers: A Theory of Dictatorship", "The many Robespierres from 1794 to the present", "A Family of Political Concepts: Tyranny, Despotism, Bonapartism, Caesarism, Dictatorship, 1750-1917", "The Age of the Caudillos: A Chapter in Hispanic American History", "Europe Will be a Fascist Europe: July 1934May 1936", "African military coups d'tat, 19562001: frequency, trends and distribution", "From Protest to Change of Regime: The 419 Revolt and The Fall of the Rhee Regime in South Korea*", "The waning of the military coup in Arab politics", "Introduction: Studying Communist Dictatorships: From Comparative to Transnational History", "Military Coups and Military Rule in Latin America", "Cuba: The United States and Batista, 1952-58", "The Predicament of Europe's 'Last Dictator', "The Kremlin Emboldened: How Putin Wins Support", "The Resistible Rise of Vladimir Putin: Russia's Nightmare Dressed Like a Daydream", "Biden suggests Putin is a 'dictator' who has committed 'genocide half a world away', "EIU Democracy Index 2020 - World Democracy Report", "5. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Military dictatorship: 2. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by Sulla after his crushing of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by Julius Caesar. The role of dictator was created for instances when a single leader was needed to command and restore stability. The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. They are not even defined terms of art within political science. Fidel Castro was one of the most iconic latin american dictators, who lived in the 20th century. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. [133] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. Preference falsification, Internal politics, data scarcity, and restriction of media are just a few examples of the dangers of a personalistic authoritarian regime. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. Many countries which are seen as otherwise democratic are dictatorships because there has yet to be an alternation in power since their incumbent government has never lost an election. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. These nationalist movements supported non-alignment, keeping most Middle Eastern dictatorships out of the American and Soviet spheres of influence. [23] Military coups do not necessarily result in military dictatorships, as power may then be passed to an individual or the military may allow democratic elections to take place. Also, dictatorships . Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship or simply the DD index or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. [26] Ruling parties in one-party dictatorships are distinct from political parties that were created to serve a dictator in that the ruling party in a one-party dictatorship permeates every level of society. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. These dictators may view themselves as impartial in their oversight of a country due to their nonpartisan status, and they may view themselves as "guardians of the state". [126] Four strategies of political control commonly employed by dictatorships are repression, indoctrination, coercive distribution, and infiltration. When the war ended, these countries were incorporated into the Soviet sphere of influence, and the Soviet Union exercised control over their governments. During the first half of the 20th century, dictatorships took control of a number of technologically advanced countries. A dictator that has concentrated significant power is more likely to be exiled, imprisoned, or killed after ouster, and accordingly they are more likely to refuse negotiation and cling to power. [138] A study found that dictatorships that engage in oil drilling are more likely to remain in power, with 70.63% of the dictators who engage in oil drilling still being in power after 5 years of dictatorship, while only 59.92% of the non-oil producing dictators survive the first 5 years. He arose to power in Italy in 1922, following the so-called 'March on Rome', in which his . The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. Rodrigo Duterte (Philippines) Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the legally, directly-elected President of the Philippines and leading member of the PDP-Laban party. [132] Foreign intervention takes place when another country seeks to topple a regime by invading the country or supporting the opposition. Poverty alleviation in these 10 dictatorship countries is in some cases associated with human rights abuses, violent crackdowns on the political opposition and indigenous people. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). 5. The list of Dictatorship countries in Africa includes Nigeria and Zaire. "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. Also called a dominant party dictatorship or one-party state. In the 19th century, settlers slowly and hesitantly began to establish themselves in. In a dictatorial government, power rests with one supreme ruler. Personalistic dictatorships: 4. 1. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. [1]:68 The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008. Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. A personalist dictator will manage these appointees by segmenting the government so that they cannot collaborate. Economies based on natural resources allow dictators more power, as they can easily extract rents without strengthening or cooperating with other institutions. This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history. [24], Military dictatorships often have traits in common due to the shared background of military dictators. After the recent death of Idriss Deby in April 2021, his son Mahamat Deby took over. This was replaced by a trend of developing a positive public image to maintain support among the populace and moderating rhetoric to integrate with the global community. Examples of Fascism. One person holds all of the country's power. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. The expected result is to coerce citizens into complying with the dictatorships demands in order to benefit from the state-controlled resources. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. Ruling parties allow a dictatorship to more broadly influence the populace and facilitate political agreement between party elites. Even in today's modern world, where freedom is prized and respected, you will still find examples of dictatorship governments around the globe. [128]. [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people. [50] Monarchies allow for strict rules of succession that produce a peaceful transfer of power on the monarch's death, but this can also result in succession disputes if multiple members of the royal family claim a right to succeed. Kim Il-Sung The first leader of the North Korean dictatorship from 1948 until 1994, he established North Korea as a communist state. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. The totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany , from 1933 to 1945. [1]:71. It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. Types. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Duterte is the perfect example of a . Military dictatorships are controlled by military officers, one-party dictatorships are controlled by the leadership of a political party, and personalist dictatorships are controlled by a single individual. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. In the latter half of the 20th century, Latin America witnessed a rise in authoritarian regimes across the expanse of the regionoften with multiple dictators following different political . As the dictatorship becomes more established, it moves away from violence by resorting to the use of other coercive measures, such as restricting people's access to information and tracking the political opposition. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. [67] In Europe it was often thought of in terms of Bonapartism and Caesarism, with the former describing the military rule of Napoleon and the latter describing the imperial rule of Napoleon III in the vein of Julius Caesar. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. [56] At least 85 such dictators were chosen over the course of the Roman Republic, the last of which was chosen to wage the Second Punic War. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. On a similar note, a dictatorship's regular citizens have no voice in most matters. Some of the multi-party states with governing communist parties include Brazil, Nepal, India, and Russia. [130] One-party dictatorships are generally more stable and last longer than military or personalist dictatorships. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Reading Time: 4 minutes. An alternation in power under electoral rules identical to the ones that brought the incumbent to office must have taken place. [citation needed]The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word . [27], One-party dictatorships are more stable than other forms of authoritarian rule, as they are less susceptible to insurgency and see higher economic growth. [8]:457, The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. Uganda - 1971 to 1979 - Idi Amin Dada. There's no room for opposition or . [8]:457 Elected heads of state are usually referred to as "president." List of Cons of Dictatorships. Monarchies may be dynastic, in which the royal family serves as a ruling institution similar to a political party in a one-party state, or they may be non-dynastic, in which the monarch rules independently of the royal family as a personalist dictator. In some circumstances, monarchies are also considered dictatorships if the monarchs hold a significant amount of political power. Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. This violence is frequently exercised through institutions such as military or police forces. [126] Some of the most ruthless examples of repression in recent history were repression by hunger. Organized opposition is a threat to the stability of a dictatorship, as it seeks to undermine public support for the dictator and calls for regime change. [134] Revolution takes place when the opposition group grows large enough that elites in the regime cannot suppress it or choose not to. Explore a few of the famous ones. The number of countries ruled by military dictatorships began to fall sharply after the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. Uganda. He became the 22nd president of Liberia on August 2, 1997 and served until August 11, 2003. [114] The countries of Central Asia did not liberalize after the fall of the Soviet Union, instead forming as dictatorships led by former elites of the Communist Party and then later by successive dictators. Personalist dictatorships are more common in Sub-Saharan Africa due to less established institutions in the region. While Thailand remains the world's last active military dictatorship, other notable examples of modern countries with histories of military rule include: Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Greece. Over the course of almost 20 years, he ruled Chile with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of thousands of suspected . Van den Bosch, Jeroen J. J., Personalist Rule in Africa and Other World Regions, (London-New York: Routledge, 2021): 13-16, wave of left-wing revolutionary movements, List of countries by system of government, "Review: Totalitarianism, Social Science, and the Margins", "Generals, Dictators, and Kings: Authoritarian Regimes and Civil Conflict, 19732004", "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships", "Theories of dictatorships: sub-types and explanations", "Personalization of Power and Repression in Dictatorships", "The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator", "The Five Ancient Criteria of Democracy: The Apotheosis of Equality", "When was the title Dictator perpetuus given to Caesar? Adolf Hitler: 14 most cruel dictators Benito Mussolini: 14 most cruel dictators Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): 14 most cruel dictators Joseph Stalin: 14 most cruel dictators Mao Zedong or Mao or Mao Tse Tung: 14 most cruel dictators Muammar Gaddafi: 14 most cruel dictators Idi Amin (1920-2003): 14 most cruel dictators He was also ranked 19th in Parade Magazine's Top 20 list of "The World's Worst Dictators". [6], The opposition to a dictatorship represents all of the factions that are not part of the dictatorship and anyone that does not support the regime. Due to it, the countries went towards dictatorship. Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution. [84] Other nationalist movements in Europe established dictatorships based on the fascist model. The dictator is the absolute ruler. An appropriate example of this occurred in 2020 when Russian president Vladimir Putin and his party introduced amendments to the country's constitution that reworked term limits, enabling Putin to remain in power until 2036. The Portuguese were present in some mostly coastal points of the territory of what is now Angola from the 16th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples who lived there. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to silence critics. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. Exceptions to the pattern of poverty in dictatorships include oil-rich Middle Eastern dictatorships and the East Asian Tigers during their periods of dictatorship. [1][3] Resorting to democratic concepts by Karl Popper and Joseph Schumpeter, Przeworski defended the minimalist approach, citing Popper that "the only system in which citizens can get rid of governments without bloodshed. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. [148], Terrorism is less common in dictatorships. Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator.Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. It was initially aligned with Yugoslavia, but its alignment shifted throughout the Cold War between Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and China. A Roman dictator was a special magistrate that was temporarily appointed by the consul during times of crisis and granted total executive authority. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. China - Communist Regime 4. [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology.