New technological advances have resulted in all of the following effects except: [499], In 2015, Gorbachev ceased his frequent international traveling. e. Chile had been hosting Che Guevara, a long-time public enemy to the United States. The Reagan Revolution: [200] After it ended, it took several years for production to return to previous levels, after which alcohol consumption soared in Russia between 1990 and 1993. As a young man, he studied law at Moscow State University. b. breaking off diplomatic relations with Pakistan. [641] Similarly, under Gorbachev, the Soviet Union broke apart without falling into civil war, as happened during the breakup of Yugoslavia at the same time. [69] Gorbachev was among those who saw themselves as "genuine Marxists" or "genuine Leninists" in contrast to what they regarded as the perversions of Stalin. a. could describe the 1980s, a decade where making deals was more profitable for companies than making products. Corrections? d. A brutal military dictatorship had emerged there, waging a dirty war against its own citizens. d. d. wanted divorces to be easier to obtain. Gorbachev's travels in America. Gorbachevs bid for the presidency was unsuccessful: he earned less than 1 percent of the vote. what is perestroika quizlet geographyhow to fill out leed submittal forms. [598][599] Gorbachev's condition deteriorated even further in July 2022 as he developed kidney problems, which led to him being transferred for hemodialysis. The party was later banned in 2007 by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation due to its failure to establish local offices with at least 500 members in the majority of Russian regions, which is required by Russian law for a political organization to be listed as a party. [412] The coup leaders demanded that Gorbachev formally declare a state of emergency in the country, but he refused. [42] As a party and Komsomol member, he was tasked with monitoring fellow students for potential subversion; some of his fellow students said that he did so only minimally and that they trusted him to keep confidential information secret from the authorities. The election of 1980 reflected: Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born on March 2, 1931, in the village of Privolnoic, in the district of Krasnogvardisky in the Stavropol province. 51. a. created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). d. stagnant economic growth and high inflation. Russia is ready for political competition, a real multiparty system, fair elections and regular rotation of government. In Galeotti's view, Andropov was "the godfather of the Gorbachev revolution", becauseas a former head of the KGBhe was able to put forward the case for reform without having his loyalty to the Soviet cause questioned, an approach that Gorbachev was able to build on and follow through with. [291] In June 1989 Gorbachev then visited Kohl in West Germany. After resigning the presidency, he launched the Gorbachev Foundation, became a vocal critic of Russian presidents Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin, and campaigned for Russia's social-democratic movement. [538] Conservatives promised to destroy labor unions, only to depend on their political support in elections. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [378] Throughout 1991, Gorbachev requested sizable loans from Western countries and Japan, hoping to keep the Soviet economy afloat and ensure the success of perestroika. ", This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 17:53. [428] Yeltsin stated that he would veto any idea of a unified state, instead favoring a confederation with little central authority. [601] On 11 June 2013, it was reported that Gorbachev was hospitalized for a routine examination. [166] He sought to remove several older members from the Politburo, encouraging Grigory Romanov, Nikolai Tikhonov, and Viktor Grishin into retirement. [622] Naina Yeltsina, widow of former Russian president Boris Yeltsin, said that Gorbachev "sincerely wanted to change the Soviet system" and transform the USSR into a "free and peaceful state". To this end, he called for rapid technological modernization and increased worker productivity, and he tried to make the cumbersome Soviet bureaucracy more efficient and responsive. [217] From April to the end of the year, Gorbachev became increasingly open in his criticism of the Soviet system, including food production, state bureaucracy, the military draft, and the large size of the prison population. c. reversed the economic policies of his predecessor. a. According to the "Sinatra Doctrine", the Soviet Union did not interfere and the media-informed Eastern European population realized that on the one hand their rulers were increasingly losing power and on the other hand the Iron Curtain was falling apart as a bracket for the Eastern Bloc. In 1975, the Vietnam War ended: A dedicated reformer, Gorbachev introduced the policies of glasnost and perestroika to the USSR. d. demanded that the federal government administer all aid, even on the local . January 1981 - 1988. In 2014, he defended the Crimean status referendum and Russia's annexation of Crimea that began the Russo-Ukrainian war. [402][184][g], The 14th Dalai Lama wrote to the Gorbachev Foundation to express his "condolences to his daughter, Irina Virganskaya and members of his family, his friends and supporters". Gorbachev was the son of Russian peasants in Stavropol territory (kray) in southwestern Russia. e. The invasion toppled Cambodia's communist government. [441] In it, he announced, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." [304] Again, he and Reagan criticized each other's countriesReagan raising Soviet restrictions on religious freedom; Gorbachev highlighting poverty and racial discrimination in the U.S., but Gorbachev related that they spoke "on friendly terms". [206] Particularly popular among the Soviet intelligentsia, who became key Gorbachev supporters,[207] glasnost boosted his domestic popularity but alarmed many Communist Party hardliners. [382] Most G7 members were reluctant, instead offering technical assistance and proposing the Soviets receive "special associate" statusrather than full membershipof the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. [181] To boost agricultural productivity, he merged five ministries and a state committee into a single entity, Agroprom, although by late 1986 he acknowledged this merger as a failure. [215] In the immediate aftermath, officials fed Gorbachev incorrect information to downplay the incident. e. as a result of the U.S. invasion of Cambodia. 53. "[519] At the end of July 2022, Gorbachev's close friend, journalist Alexei Venediktov, said that Gorbachev was very upset when he found out that Putin had launched an invasion of Ukraine. 11. [129] He began to have concerns about other policies too. Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression. d. was well connected within the Washington political scene. He was protesting the military junta under Augusto Pinochet that had grabbed power in a coup. a. [25] As well as being a member of the school's drama society,[26] he organized sporting and social activities and led the school's morning exercise class. c. the Democratic Party headquarters. a. Reagan's policies enriched investors and CEOs but eviscerated the economies and communities of the industrial heartland. e. a referendum for the ERA. [54] He was subsequently assigned to the Soviet Procurator's office, which was then focusing on the rehabilitation of the innocent victims of Stalin's purges, but found that they had no work for him. [407] A referendum on the issue brought 76.4% in favor of continued federation but the six rebellious republics had not taken part. a. expanded food stamps and school lunch programs. "Vietnamization" was: By the end of the decade, he had moved up in the Communist Party hierarchy, from leading the agriculture department to party leader in Stavropol. d. The prosperity under the stewardship of liberal Democrats convinced them that New Deal economics were the path for the future. Geraldine Ferraro is best known as: Which of the following comparisons of wage trends for 1953 to 1973 and 1973 to 1993 is accurate? [625] Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said "He helped bring an end to the Cold War, embraced reforms in the Soviet Union, and reduced the threat of nuclear weapons. Mikhail Gorbachev obituary. They had secured a federal ban on pornography in the Supreme Court. [44] After Stalin died in March 1953, Gorbachev and Mlyn joined the crowds massing to see Stalin's body lying in state. [466] In 1997, she founded a sub-division of the Gorbachev Foundation known as Raisa Maksimovna's Club to focus on improving women's welfare in Russia. Gorbachev declined to intervene militarily when various Eastern Bloc countries abandoned MarxistLeninist governance in 19891992. Bush in 2018, a critical partner and friend of his time in office, Gorbachev stated that the work they had both accomplished led directly to the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race, and that he "deeply appreciated the attention, kindness and simplicity typical of George, Barbara and their large, friendly family". [357] That year, opinion polls showed Yeltsin overtaking Gorbachev as the most popular politician in the Soviet Union. How did the experience of the 1960s shape America's neoconservatives? [91] In September 1969 he was part of a Soviet delegation sent to Czechoslovakia, where he found the Czechoslovak people largely unwelcoming to them. a. as the only war lost by the United States. They argued that freedom for American women was best experienced through their husbands. [169] Another of those promoted by Gorbachev was Boris Yeltsin, who was made a Secretary of the Central Committee in July 1985. 23 The United States and the Wold War, 19, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole. During his career, Gorbachev attracted the admiration of some colleagues, but others came to hate him. [265] Over 900 Soviet newspapers reprinted it and anti-reformists rallied around it; many reformers panicked, fearing a backlash against perestroika. in China, authoritarian rule by the Communist Party persisted. Growing up under the rule of Joseph Stalin, in his youth he operated combine harvesters on a collective farm before joining the Communist Party, which then governed the Soviet Union as a one-party state. [586] McCauley thought Gorbachev displayed "great tactical skill" in maneuvering successfully between hardline MarxistLeninists and liberalisers for most of his time as leader, adding, though, that he was "much more skilled at tactical, short-term policy than strategic, long-term thinking", in part because he was "given to making policy on the hoof". d. the State Department program offering fast-tracked political asylum for South Vietnamese military officials and their families. [155] Shortly after Chernenko's death, the Politburo unanimously elected Gorbachev as his successor; they wanted him rather than another elderly leader. [392] At this, Yeltsin railed against Gorbachev in an October speech, claiming that Russia would no longer accept a subordinate position to the Soviet government. [616][617] His press secretary Dmitry Peskov said that the "tight schedule of the president" would not allow him to be present at the funeral, as he was scheduled to visit Kaliningrad. a. [667], In 2020/2021, the Theatre of Nations in Moscow, in collaboration with Latvian director Alvis Hermanis, staged a production called Gorbachev. Why had it been premature for liberals to celebrate the downfall of their political adversary Richard Nixon? linux network interface not running; crater mission splatoon 3. when a virgo man is obsessed with you; cute brunch places san jose. As democratically elected, noncommunist governments came to power in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia in late 198990, Gorbachev agreed to the phased withdrawal of Soviet troops from those countries. Stalin had initiated a project of mass rural collectivization which, in keeping with his MarxistLeninist ideas, he believed would help convert the country into a socialist society. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [231] The duo's wives also met and spent time together at the summit. d. Schlafly and her supporters never spoke of American freedom. [476] In the election, Gorbachev came seventh with approximately 386,000 votes, or around 0.5% of the total. d. They suspected that many among their ranks were gay and lesbian themselves. [204] He made the historian Yury Afanasyev dean of the State Historical Archive Faculty, from where Afansiev could press for the opening of secret archives and the reassessment of Soviet history. Chapter 19 Section 3: Gorbachev Moves Towards Democracy I. Gorbachev's Re-forms A. Gorbachev launched glasnost ("openness") as the second vital plank of his reform efforts. b. the policy of containment. There was little of substance decided at Malta. 25. [123] In his new position, Gorbachev often worked twelve to sixteen hour days. [299] In April 1987, Gorbachev discussed the issue with U.S. Secretary of State George P. Shultz in Moscow; he agreed to eliminate the Soviets' SS-23 rockets and allow U.S. inspectors to visit Soviet military facilities to ensure compliance. c. Gorbachev's refusal to allow reforms. [201], In the second year of his leadership, Gorbachev began speaking of glasnost, or "openness". Gorbachev's radical economists, headed by Grigory A. Yavlinsky, counseled him that Western-style success required a true market economy. [174] He saw perestroika as encompassing a complex series of reforms to restructure society and the economy. In 1971, his new friends got him elected to the Communist Party Central Committee. In 1990 Gorbachev ran without opposition for president of the Soviet Union. Putin also sent a telegram to Gorbachev's family, calling him "a politician and statesman who had a huge impact on the course of world history". c. stagnant economic growth and low inflation. Gorbachev, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, was the only President of the Soviet Union. b. enlarged government revenue. There, he again met with Bush. a. growing enough food to feed the world's population. This granted Gorbachev significant power over the Stavropol region. December 5, 2018 2:45 PM EST. [282] At the Congress, Sakharov spoke repeatedly, exasperating Gorbachev with his calls for greater liberalization and the introduction of private property. The military cover-up of the atrocity prevented the guilty parties from ever facing trial. [651] In Russia, he is widely despised for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ensuing economic collapse in the 1990s. The nations with the most population growth are usually the wealthiest. [583], Zhores Medvedev thought him a talented orator, in 1986 stating that "Gorbachev is probably the best speaker there has been in the top Party echelons" since Leon Trotsky. His 5 year plans for consumer goods 1971-75 and 1976-80. Scholars are puzzled why Gorbachev never pursued a written pledge. a. conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. b. American public opinion declared the defendants guilty before there even was a trial. 55. e. Republicans distanced themselves from Nixon and won majorities in 1974. d. Watergate undermined public confidence in the merits of the federal government. a. favored abortion rights. c. Businesses and homeowners benefited greatly from its passage. . Who was Mikhail Gorbachev quizlet? e. ended with a federal budget surplus. c. the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America. [275] Of the 2,250 legislators to be elected, one hundred termed the "Red Hundred" by the press were directly chosen by the Communist Party, with Gorbachev ensuring many were reformists. Use your notes to identify the characteristics of the medieval religious orders. In 1989 the newly elected Congress of Peoples Deputies elected from its ranks a new U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet that, in contrast to its predecessor of that name, was a real standing parliament with substantial legislative powers. The length of his hospital visits increased in 2019, with Gorbachev hospitalized in December with pneumonia. What led to the congressional discovery that the FBI had spied on millions of Americans in the 1960s? [442] Gorbachev was the third out of eight Soviet leaders, after Malenkov and Khrushchev, not to die in office. [658] Out of office he continued to receive honors. b. d. It proved taxation could be a trenchant issue for politicians and American voters. [459], In 1993, Gorbachev launched Green Cross International, which focused on encouraging sustainable futures, and then the World Political Forum. [38] During his studies, an anti-semitic campaign spread through the Soviet Union, culminating in the Doctors' plot; Gorbachev publicly defended Volodya Liberman, a Jewish student who was accused of disloyalty to the country by one of his fellows. [41] In 1952, he was appointed a full member of the Communist Party. Thousands of new civil rights movements encouraged gays and lesbians to "come out.". The handling of the Iranian hostage crisis: [605] In November 2016, Gorbachev had a pacemaker installed at the Moscow Central Clinical Hospital. b. [324] Problems also emerged in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic; in April 1989, Soviet troops crushed Georgian pro-independence demonstrations in Tbilisi, resulting in various deaths. [390] Many in the Communist Party and state apparatus warned against it, arguing that it would create marketplace chaos, rampant inflation, and unprecedented levels of unemployment. U.S. President Joe Biden called Gorbachev "a man of remarkable vision". "[511] In July 2016, Gorbachev criticized NATO for deploying more troops to Eastern Europe amid escalating tensions between the military alliance and Russia. [588] Colleagues were often frustrated that he would leave tasks unfinished,[589] and sometimes also felt underappreciated and discarded by him. [430] The referendum in Ukraine on 1 December with a 90% turnout for secession from the Union was a fatal blow; Gorbachev had expected Ukrainians to reject independence. c. was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration. [408] Negotiations took place to decide what form the new constitution would take, again bringing together Gorbachev and Yeltsin in discussion; it was planned to be formally signed in August. Mlyn recalled that the duo remained committed MarxistLeninists despite their growing concerns about the Stalinist system. c. did not support affirmative action. [526] Doder and Branson noted that at the Twenty-Seventh Party Congress in 1986, Gorbachev was seen to be an orthodox MarxistLeninist;[527] that year, the biographer Zhores Medvedev stated that "Gorbachev is neither a liberal nor a bold reformist". [544] He claimed that "the essence of Lenin" was a desire to develop "the living creative activity of the masses". what is perestroika quizlet geography . [352] Gorbachev struggled to understand Yeltsin's growing popularity, commenting: "he drinks like a fish he's inarticulate, he comes up with the devil knows what, he's like a worn-out record". Tuesday, August 7, 2018. c. The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime. Which of the following developed increased economic interdependence between the nations of the world? Tue 30 Aug 2022 19.40 EDT. [219] Gorbachev later described the incident as one which made him appreciate the scale of incompetence and cover-ups in the Soviet Union. c. The nations with moderate population growth are usually the wealthiest. O n the day when I learned of the passing of George Bush, I . [286] Calling for greater pan-European co-operation, he publicly spoke of a "Common European Home" and of a Europe "from the Atlantic to the Urals". b. inaugurated political openness and economic reform in the Soviet Union. In response, Gorbachev used military force to suppress bloody interethnic strife in several of the Central Asian republics in 198990, while constitutional mechanisms were devised that could provide for the lawful secession of a republic from the U.S.S.R. With the CPSU waning in power and steadily losing prestige in the face of the mounting impetus for democratic political procedures, Gorbachev in 1990 further accelerated the transfer of power from the party to elected governmental institutions. By lowering tax rates. [289] In May 1987, Gorbachev again visited France, and in November 1988 Mitterrand visited him in Moscow. Mikhail Gorbachev was a Soviet politician. [464] Gorbachev continued to defend perestroika but acknowledged that he had made tactical errors as Soviet leader. [15], The country was then experiencing the famine of 19301933, in which two of Gorbachev's paternal uncles and an aunt died. He secured 1,329 in favor to 495 against; 313 votes were invalid or absent. [631] Japan's Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said Gorbachev had "left behind great [accomplishments] as a world leader supporting the abolishment of nuclear weapons". [321], That month, in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait, Azerbaijani gangs began killing members of the Armenian minority. Reagan's economic policies: a. [312] Bush offered to assist the Soviet economy by suspending the Jackson-Vanik Amendment and repealing the Stevenson and Baird Amendments. [67], Stalin was ultimately succeeded as Soviet leader by Nikita Khrushchev, who denounced Stalin and his cult of personality in a speech given in February 1956, after which he launched a de-Stalinization process throughout Soviet society. Gorbachev's letter requesting membership of the Communist Party, 1950[30], In June 1950, Gorbachev became a candidate member of the Communist Party. [481] McCauley suggested that by at least June 1991 Gorbachev was a "post-Leninist", having "liberated himself" from MarxismLeninism. [263] Party hardliners thought the speech went too far; liberalisers thought it did not go far enough. c. every administration had traded arms for hostages behind the back of Congress. Proceeds from the event went to the Raisa Gorbachev Foundation. The U.S. sought to prevent the coup of General Augusto Pinochet. was the challenge from United States President Ronald Reagan to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to destroy the Berlin Wall. In early 1986, Yeltsin began sniping at Gorbachev in Politburo meetings. Mikhail Gorbachev resigned the presidency of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991. Russia can succeed only through democracy. Boris Yeltsin and other reformers who had risen to power under the democratic reforms, Gorbachev resumed his duties as Soviet president, but his position had by now been irretrievably weakened. e. A and C. a. santa barbara events may 2022 Gorbachev had himself helped kickstart independent Russian journalism, using part of his 1993 Nobel peace prize money to help set up the newspaper Novaya Gazeta, a paper which went on to become . Things began to change in the mid-1980s, especially when Mikhail Gorbachev came to power. He joined the Komsomol (Young Communist League) in 1946 and drove a combine harvester at a state farm in Stavropol for the next four years. His efforts to democratize his countrys political system and decentralize its economy led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. [440] Yakovlev, Chernyaev and Shevardnadze joined Gorbachev to help him write a resignation speech. a. the CIA and FBI had engaged in abusive actions. [252] Gorbachev was broadly supportive, describing glasnost as "the crucial, irreplaceable weapon of perestroika". [373] Gorbachev later called it a "watershed" in world politics, "the first time the superpowers acted together in a regional crisis". He had risen rapidly since 1985, attaining the role of party secretary in Moscow. b. The major strategic delivery vehicle for nuclear weapons, speaking openly about the soviet union. But, comrades, you should not think about lifesavers but about the ship, and the ship is socialism. [144] Gorbachev continued to cultivate allies both in the Kremlin and beyond,[145] and also gave the main speech at a conference on Soviet ideology, where he angered party hardliners by implying that the country required reform. What did events surrounding the Watergate break-in and cover-up suggest about Richard Nixon? The ceremony included an honor guard, but was not an official state funeral. c. was reviled by Reagan for his unwillingness to negotiate arms reduction. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He convinced those on strike to come back to the bargaining table and renegotiate their contracts. d. religious fundamentalism. But the Communist hard-liners who had replaced reformers in the government proved undependable allies, and Gorbachev and his family were briefly held under house arrest from August 19 to 21, 1991, during a short-lived coup by the hard-liners. d. was the title of a 1980s documentary about "yuppies" who sold out to the financial establishment. [366][367] In July, Kohl visited Moscow and Gorbachev informed him that the Soviets would not oppose a reunified Germany being part of NATO. [171] Prominent dissidents like Andrei Sakharov were freed from internal exile or prison. Focused on co-operation instead of confrontation in speeches with the USA, tried to build Western relationship and withdrew troops from Afghanistan. [481] Gorbachev resigned as party leader in May 2004 following a disagreement with the party's chairman over the direction taken in the 2003 election campaign. [213] Yeltsin then resigned both as Moscow party secretary and as a member of the Politburo. [533], According to Doder and Branson, Gorbachev also wanted to "dismantle the hierarchical military society at home and abandon the grand-style, costly, imperialism abroad". c. decreased military spending. On 29 August 2022, Gorbachev arrived at the Central Clinical Hospital for another hemodialysis, where he died on 30 August at approximately 10:00p.m. Moscow time. [560] He was protective of his private life and avoided inviting people to his home. A peaceful protest by the Czech people that led to the smooth end of communism in Czechoslovakia. At the same time, the Congress, under his leadership, abolished the Communist Partys constitutionally guaranteed monopoly of political power in the Soviet Union, thus paving the way for the legalization of other political parties. That same day, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. [590] Biographers Doder and Branson thought that Gorbachev was "a puritan" with "a proclivity for order in his personal life". 14 January 1991. pg. 9. Some of you look at the market as a lifesaver for your economies. e. human rights as a diplomatic priority. Following up on the previous year's Geneva Summit, Reagan and Gorbachev continued to work toward and debate the possible terms of nuclear arms reduction at . Gorbachev attended its first congress in June, but soon found it dominated by hardliners who opposed his reformist stance. [460] Although he spoke out against some of the Putin government's actions, Gorbachev also had praise for the new government; in 2002, he said: "I've been in the same skin. Gorbachev worked with U.S. President Ronald Reagan to lessen the political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. a. [494], In 2009, Gorbachev released Songs for Raisa, an album of Russian romantic ballads, sung by him and accompanied by musician Andrei Makarevich, to raise money for a charity devoted to his late wife. In May 1989 he visited Beijing and there met its leader Deng Xiaoping; Deng shared Gorbachev's belief in economic reform but rejected calls for democratization. He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies. Kramer, Mark. [426] En route home, he traveled to France where he stayed with Mitterrand at the latter's home near Bayonne. [198] Gorbachev later considered the campaign to have been an error,[199] and it was terminated in October 1988. Which of the following assessments of the Carter administration in 1980 is accurate? [31] His choice of law was unusual; it was not a well-regarded subject in Soviet society at that time. [222] Over the course of the war, the Soviet Army took heavy casualties and there was much opposition to Soviet involvement among both the public and military. 18. [620] Russian prime minister Mikhail Mishustin called Gorbachev an "outstanding statesman". [345] With German reunification in 1990, many observers declared the Cold War over. 6. [645] However he remains a controversial figure in the Baltic states for his role in suppressing pro-independence movements. [397] Yakovlev had moved out of his inner circle and Shevardnadze had resigned. d. continued to undermine Third World governments. [585] Doder and Branson called him "a charmer capable of intellectually seducing doubters, always trying to co-opt them, or at least blunt the edge of their criticism". Although proposed by California conservatives, it reflected the growing anti-tax mood of the rest of the nation. This should define the role and responsibility of the president. [424][425] From then on, the country collapsed with dramatic speed.
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