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- (Yea=22, Nay=28, Abstain=null, Not Present=1), Mgmt Council 1st Review; Defeated a motion to forward the proposal to the membership for review and comment without taking a formal position of support or opposition. Division II considers compliance to be a teamwork approach in which all members of the athletics department and other personnel across campus who are associated with athletics to conduct the program with the highest levels of integrity and fairness. There can be a shining light at the end of the tunnel, even if it seems like all of these negatives keep piling up. We ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here. Now, the designation will go away, and hundreds of coaches will be allowed to receive benefits, a potentially life-altering change, and will be allowed to recruit off-campus, which will give them valuable experience as they look to advance their careers. with football sport specific responsibilities to initiate and Boosters will support the programs they want and abandon the ones they dont. But at a school without those advantages, the volunteer assistant often makes more of a spartan existence to break into coaching. Coolen said the has to talk to the adminstration about adding another paid coach because he's wondering about funding that position. (Adopted: 4/29/04 effective 8/1/04; Revised: 1/10/05, effective 8/1/05). (Revised: 12/12/06). UNC freshman Louis Dramm won the 400 IM with a 3:42.24, dropping nearly five seconds off his entry time. And what happens when those schools (such as some mid-major) cant afford to allow swimming to add another paid coach? I think if someone truly wants to volunteer their time to learn from a coach(es) they admire or want to learn from, and can pay their own dime for that year, then it should be permitted. provided the calls relate only to compliance issues and such calls occur [See The following institutional staff So when the career crossroads came and the Detroit Tigers released him in June 2017, he kept . athletics department or any organization funded in whole or in part by the Read our Newswire Disclaimer. 0000001013 00000 n
the head coach, one or more of the full-time assistant coaches or a volunteer It can also be a very rewarding endeavor. Currently, in swimming and diving, an institution that has separate mens and womens swimming programs, with a combined diving program, may employ three volunteer coaches: 1 for mens swimming, 1 for womens swimming, and 1 for diving. The Volunteers went 3-7 last season. *y~A:@%9)eCA0c4>u]F Np:BQ
wp].". 6. occur subsequent to the prospective student-athletes' signing a National Letter of Intent with /`8W&.9Q7f MCz From my perspective, I think volunteer assistants should still be allowed with limitations (e.g. Yes! https://link.edgepilot.com/s/45a34f40/wOxxUGVnrEK1mClxE_3n2Q?u=https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/infractions/level3/INF_Level3HeadCoachSuspensionList.pdf, Hey Dawgs! (a) Activities involving athletics evaluation and/or selection of prospects; (b) Making telephone calls to or receiving telephone calls from prospective student-athletes (or prospective student- athletes parents, legal guardians or coaches); and (Revised: 12/12/06), (c) Preparation of general recruiting correspondence (including electronic correspondence) to prospective student- athletes (or prospective student-athletes parents or legal guardians). parents or legal guardians) related to admissions or academic issues, 0000001444 00000 n
"13.1.3.4.1.2 (b) Academic Advisors. A proposed class action alleges the NCAA and its member schools have unlawfully conspired to fix the wages of certain college baseball coaches at zero for what amounts essentially to full-time work, and thereby suppress competition in the college baseball coaching labor market. HS +*11q+eX/IhIMV=TI0fp[ ;.C vQr(EaQmd}+J$t(dgE-la`+Mw$wkNz~ML_EYRZfj@zPc8Pb=%! That's precisely the case with the ongoing fight to turn the volunteer coach . 213 ncaa volunteer coach jobs available. of Coaches increased. 2005-77. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Great, another blow to collegiate swimming. On top of that, three paid coaches for 35 guys make it the worst player-to-coach ratio out of all the NCAA sports, McIntire said. Successful candidates will have the opportunity to assist the coaching staff in all aspects of practice and competition. They can receive compensation from camps run by the athletics department, or be employed by other departments within the institution, which is sometimes the case in swimming & diving when the university owns a club team. "13.1.3.4.1.3 (c) Compliance Coordinators. I echo his statement and realize it takes a lot to grind it out, basically unpaid for years. The NCAA Division I Council is reviewing proposals to elevate pay for volunteer coaches and graduate assistants, according to Ross Dellenger of Sports Illustrated. Most NCAA Division I Swimming & Diving programs currently have volunteer assistants. A lot of schools were bringing in "volunteer assistants" who didn't need the money (but needed university access) and were basically coaches anyway.
As a volunteer coach, it is important that you become familiar with the NCAA rules that govern the role and responsibilities of a volunteer coach. institution may place to prospective student-athletes. In Divisions 2023 Swim Swam Partners, LLC. Like if they send a squad to a Pro Swim, they can pay for her to go as well. Bylaw 11.5.1.1. It doesn't say anything about Mvb or Wvb in which UH has a "Volunteer Coach", -- Our men's baseball pitching coach / volunteer assistant can now become an Assistant Coach, ( effective 2023-24 ? Under New to ClassAction.org? Amend 11.7.3.3, as follows: "11.7.3.3 Football Recruiting Coordination Functions. Will ultimately mean less coaches on deck. My guess would be that tagging her with the volunteer title allows her to participate in recruiting activities such as official visits. These additional coaches may engage in coaching activities but may not recruit off campus. N.&%lVUU08cX+s
Z9HqA%Ak&IDHat' The very purpose and actual effect of this horizontal agreement was (and is) to fix and suppress prices so as to make them unresponsive to a competitive marketplace and to place these coaches compensation at zero, the complaint states, alleging violations of the federal Sherman Antitrust Act. The votes mean that, starting in July when the NCAAs new fiscal year begins, baseball coaching staffs will be allowed a head coach and three assistant coaches, all of whom will be allowed to perform on-field coaching and off-campus recruiting. He has conversations with these volunteers and provides them the opportunity to share their stories and experiences. I-A and I-AA football, aAll telephone calls to prospective Eddie Reese could make every club coach in Texas (who is not also a high school swim coach) a volunteer assistant. All recruiting Although these volunteer coaches perform many of the same job duties as paid coaches, and often work more than 40 hours per week, they cannot receive health insurance, housing, or other benefits, much less an actual salary in exchange for work performed, the suit states. Women's Ice Hockey Committee; No formal position. Braden Keith is the Editor-in-Chief and a co-founder/co-owner of SwimSwam.com. association). Will people still be permitted to volunteer? off- field coaching activities (e.g., attending meetings involving coaching I agree that the head coach or appropriate administrator shall determine the duties and responsibilities of this position. Copyright 2023 Baseball America Enterprises. 5. At the same time, the case says, the NCAA and its member schools have agreed via another bylaw to allow each institution to hire an additional coach who cannot be paid, a volunteer who, in reality, the suit claims, performs skilled, valuable services for free. Division II 2019-20 Academic Year COVID-19 Question and Answer Guide, Division II Membership Webinar from May 21, 2020, Division IIMembership Webinar from April 17, 2020, Division II Membership Webinar from March 27, 2020, Application of Division II Progress-Toward-Degree Blanket Waiver, Division II Student-Athlete Reinstatement COVID-19 Self-Applied Relief Webinar from April 6, 2021, CSMAS Mandatory Medical Examination Guidance, Division II Shared Responsibility Process, Division II Online Education Resource Center, Student-Athlete Academic Waivers (PTD/Two-Year Transfers), Division II and Division III Bylaw 14.2.5 Hardship Waivers, Recruiting (Certification) Test For Coaches, Coaches Certification (Recruiting) Test For Conference Staff, Coaches Certification (Recruiting) Test For Institution Staff and Proctors, Contacting the NCAA Academic and Membership Affairs Group. institution's written offer of admission and/or financial aid).". %%EOF
Source:
Such functions include: (Revised: 4/27/06 effective 8/1/06). include: "(a) Activities involving athletics evaluation and/or selection prospects. NCAA Bylaws on Personnel Requirements: 11.7.1 Designation of Coaching Category. Of course things are not always negative with being a volunteer coach. xref
Enjoy your Super Bowl Sunday, but #DontBetOnIt, Good luck on your final exams, Bulldogs! College baseball fans are in for yet another fun weekend that includes a couple of high-profile tournaments and marquee rivalry series. | Privacy Settings | Do Not Sell My Personal Information, 2023 Mens Pac-12 Championships: Day 4 Finals Live Recap, ASU Set to Overthrow Defending Champions Cal: 2023 Mens Pac-12 Day 4 Up/Downs, Bjorn Seeliger Takes Down Vlad Morozovs 100 Free PAC-12 Championship Record from 2013, 2023 Mens Pac-12 Swimming & Diving Championships: Day 4 Prelims Live Recap, Freshmen Pair Likely Punches Tickets to NCAAs on Day 2 of American Short Course Champs, Share NCAA Will Vote on Eliminating Volunteer Assistants, Expanding Coaching Staffs on Facebook, Tweet NCAA Will Vote on Eliminating Volunteer Assistants, Expanding Coaching Staffs, Submit NCAA Will Vote on Eliminating Volunteer Assistants, Expanding Coaching Staffs to Reddit, Share NCAA Will Vote on Eliminating Volunteer Assistants, Expanding Coaching Staffs on Pinterest, Share NCAA Will Vote on Eliminating Volunteer Assistants, Expanding Coaching Staffs on LinkedIn, Dylan Carter is Gearing Up for SC World Champs, Plans on 50 Fly and Free, Leon Marchand Will Finish His Pac-12 Meet with the 200 Breast (Day 4 HEAT SHEETS), 16-Year-Old Maximus Williamson Swims 1:33.3 in the 200 Free at Southern Premier Night 1, 16-Year-Old Thomas Heilman Swims 3:43 in the 400 IM on Friday at Virginia LSC Champs, Ruslan Gaziev Scratches Again as #2 Seed in 200 Free on Friday (PSS Ft Lauderdale), NCAA D3 School Minnesota-Morris Is Adding Mens Swimming Next Season, Combined Mens & Womens Swimming & Diving 6. In my experience (as coaching high level club for half a dozen years) Many colleges/college coaches would rather hire someone who swam at a high level (or was a volunteer assistant) with no coaching experience than someone who coached and lead a group at a club where the high schoolers were faster than the college team. 0000000796 00000 n
Burnout. Proposal renumbered as Proposal No. Letter of Intent, subsequent to the prospective student-athletes' signed acceptance of the That process includes input from Division II presidents, athletics administrators and staff, coaches, faculty athletics representatives, conference personnel and student-athletes who volunteer to serve on dozens of NCAA committees to conduct the division's day-to-day business and establish strategic direction for the future. The soccer program violated NCAA volunteer coach rules. The latest proposal would remove the volunteer coach designation and increase countable coach limitations, so that schools can maintain the comparable number of coaching staffs. The move would also redefine graduate student coaches in FBS football. Chiefly, the recommendation came from the NCAAs Transformation Committee, which was formed a year ago following the adoption of a new NCAA constitution. It is permissible for a Posted on Jan 11th, 7:42 PM, , User Since 130 months ago, User Post Count: 30569 . "13.1.3.4.1.1 Exceptions. Price: $0.00. D.
The proposal, then, would in theory expand each programs countable coaching staff from 3 and 3 (for swimming & diving) to 4 and 4, with the potential for even a second diving coach (though few schools are likely to employ that slot). Mgmt Council 1st Review, Defeated; Defeated a motion to initially approve the proposal. "11.7.2.3.1 Graduate-Assistant Coach Exception. For me, I had to do lessons a lot on the side, up to 14 a week, so every day I was working around eight or nine in the morning until seven or eight at night.". So it would still be an entry-level position, Chase Kreitler is definitely the right person to include as the title picture for this article. In Division I-A football, a graduate assistant coach may perform the functions As he mentioned, "these guys are coaches.". Agree with this comment. In other words, compliance officers at DII schools cant also have coaching or other responsibilities at the school. Pruitt's firing means Tennessee will be looking for its fifth coach since the Vols last won the Southeastern Conference Eastern Division title in 2007. Posted on Jan 11th, 7:42 PM, , User Since 130 months ago, User Post Count: 30743 . prospective student-athletes' For example, if the team goes to Disney World, the volunteer coach can be paid for too. [NCAA Bylaw 10.01.1] b. Right now, the NCAA is doing a lot of things to stave off lawsuits. A volunteer coach may not any meals that are provided prior to or following home contests. A volunteer coach cannot contact or evaluate prospective student-athletes off campus and may not perform recruiting coordination functions. Aside from his life on the InterWet, . Here's what Tennessee volunteer coach Ross Kivett does. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, - Transfer Waiver guidelines were updated, - Standardized test score requirements for immediate eligibility for incoming freshman will be no longer required, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, https://www.ncaa.org/news/2023/1/11/media-center-division-i-council-modernizes-rules-for-coaching-limits.aspx. Reply. This allegation highlights the trend of growing legal challenges to NCAA operations and the increased examination of anticompetitive effects in labour markets. The American Baseball Coaches Association has long campaigned for it and in 2015 found that 85% of Division I head coaches supported the measure. Ahead of a test this weekend at the Frisco Classic, the Bulldogs are starting to build consistency. Back To Topics. Thanksgiving break begins tomorrow! I think that athletes deserve to be paid for their work, but I also think that paying athletes whatRead more . Division II expects its members to comply fully with the legislation and policy the membership adopts, and it offers many resources to help administrators and coaches at Division II schools meet these high standards. Do you think this could encourage weekly volunteer changes between club coaches to almost interview coaches in a series of recruiting trips? If your institution has volunteers recruiting or evaluating off campus they are in violation of NCAA . I repeat Im a 30 yo college graduate.The grind of being a volunteer assistant coach at the college level is too real. For example, former Major League pitcher Tim Hudson returned to his alma mater, Auburn University, to be a volunteer assistant and pitching coach. institution's written offer of admission and/or financial aid). islandman5. "In sports other than football and basketball, a volunteer coach is any coach who does not receive compensation or remuneration from the institution's athletics department or any organization funded in whole or in part by the athletics department or that is involved primarily in the promotion of the . I had the opportunity to talk to Ray McIntire, the current Director of Player Development for Major League University and a former volunteer assistant for many years at the college level. Scout future opponent's off-campus, even if the volunteer coach pays the related costs. NCAA rules allow teams to have three full-time coachestypically that means one head coach and two full-time, salaried . Impact on Student-Athlete's Time (Academic and/or
See salaries, compare reviews, easily apply, and get hired. NCAA-Volunteer coach to be eliminated / Coaching staff increases. I think the point about the net affect about budgets in athletic departments is the most important one to consider with this. or coaches). This doesnt really make sense to me. There are over 213 ncaa volunteer coach careers waiting for you to apply! "(b) Telephone calls to prospects (or prospects parents or legal guardians or the prospects' coach). How much coaching is Ledekey doing at UF? That, and it allows the team to pay for some of her travel. A volunteer coach cannot be paid by the athletics department (though they can receive some limited benefits, as described below). prospects or scouting of opponents. telephone calls also may be made by the graduate assistant coach, provided the Rationale: This proposal is designed to address concerns related to the proliferation of noncoaching personnel and promote equity and consistency in the recruiting process. Of course things are not always negative with being a volunteer coach. Current Countable Coach Limits, NCAA Division I Aquatic Sports: Combined programs wind up having more swimming coaching slots than do separate-gender programs in swimming & diving, because the diving coach only occupies one position in a combined-gender coaching staff, whereas that same coach occupies one position oneach staff in a combined-gender program. Burnout can be caused by dealing with the unknown, feeling overwhelmed, or taking on multiple burdens at once. 0000005782 00000 n
I always say the best four hours of my day were spent out on the fieldThose little moments watching your players succeed are always the best, McIntire said. The NCAA Division I Council is expected to vote on the proposals in January, and if eliminated, the changes will take effect July 2023. 2023 and 2024 Men's Lacrosse Rules Book - ONLINE ONLY. - (Yea=24, Nay=26, Abstain=null, Not Present=1). Often, even these extended hours for additional income outside of their coaching jobs don't help the volunteers live paycheck to paycheck or afford their rent in the areas they live. For a list of such identified Level III violations, please follow the link: xb```,V|eaa%D2beNny.0-*Vxh8]{rCa]IC00xL@l4#0
A lot of schools were bringing in "volunteer assistants" who didn't need the money (but needed university access) and were basically coaches anyway. Institutional staff members Keep this guide for your records. The volunteer assistant coach title is a misnomer created by the NCAA rulebook. 0000007152 00000 n
CWS . Sometimes teams rely on the use of student assistant coaches to expand their coaching staff even further. Additionally, you can subscribe to Baseball America's newsletter and receive all of our rankings, analysis, prospect insight & more delivered to your inbox every day. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, - Transfer Waiver guidelines were updated, - Standardized test score requirements for immediate eligibility for incoming freshman will be no longer required, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, https://www.ncaa.org/news/2023/1/11/media-center-division-i-council-modernizes-rules-for-coaching-limits.aspx. For many in college baseball, the sentiment is better late than never. coach may perform the functions set forth in Bylaw 11.7.2.3-(a) on campus only Still, its important to remember that Wednesdays decision will have potentially life-changing impact for many assistant coaches and those who would like to become assistant coaches, but werent sure they would be able to financially chase those dreams. Would it be possible to pay them hourly? He expresses what I am sure many coaches would, that the opportunity to impact young athletes' lives can be one of the most fulfilling events. Clemson snapped its four-game losing streak with a win Friday against previously undefeated South Carolina. The chance to help them develop as a player and human beings can be so rewarding. Theyll just get a different title and possibly more immediate access to players. There were as many coaches, assistants, volunteers, supporters..as there were players on the team in uniform. Specific Responsibilities. @Mike_Rooney gives us some insights about his experience pic.twitter.com/LqGhyD5P1r. Corrado Rizzi is the Senior Managing Editor of ClassAction.org. "College baseball is still a criminally underfunded sport in the NCAA with 11.7 scholarships (for schools that are fully funded) divided amongst 27 players. Want to stay in the loop on class actions that matter to you? That would be big for recruiting. [A] An individual who coaches and either is uncompensated or receives compensation or remuneration of any sort from the institution, even if such compensation or remuneration is not designated for coaching, shall be designated as a head coach, assistant coach, volunteer coach, graduate assistant coach or student . Im a volunteer coach (this is my 5th season) and would be so disappointed if I wasnt able to work with my team anymore after this year. He's now the head coach at Pitt. I have read and understand the above NCAA rules related to my appointment as a volunteer coach. The following provisions shall apply: (Revised: 1/10/92 effective 8/1/92, 4/26/01 effective 8/1/01), (a) The individual is prohibited from contacting and evaluating prospective student-athletes off campus or from scouting opponents off campus and may not perform recruiting coordination functions (see Bylaw 11.7.1.2). A. Your point rings especially true for coaching diving. an institution may place to football prospective student-athletes. Programs can currently employ the same number of student assistant coaches as they are allowed full coaches. It is countable vs. non-countable. Other schools were taking advantage of young people who desperately wanted to break into the coaching ranks and was basically slave labor. Cal has the top seeds in every event tonight, except the 1650 free, but at this point in the meet they are 103 points behind current team score leaders ASU. There can be a shining light at the end of the tunnel, even if it seems like all of these negatives keep piling up. In both Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision football, the Council redefined "graduate assistant" positions to " graduate student coaches " and limited individuals to serving three years maximum in that role. The NCAA is considering legislation to eliminate the role of a "volunteer coach," they said in a press release last week. "These guys are working full-time, 40-60 hours per week, and are unpaid. NCAA-Volunteer coach to be eliminated / No. "(c) Preparation of general recruiting correspondence to prospects (or prospects parents or legal guardians). (Revised: 1/16/93), (c) The individual may receive complimentary meals incidental to organized team activities (e.g., pre- or postgame meals, occasional meals, but not training table meals) or meals provided during a prospective student-athletes official visit, provided the individual dines with the prospective student-athlete. I also believe it allows her to train with the varsity. 33 0 obj
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NCAA Division I Academics/Eligibility/Compliance Cabinet (Subcommittee on Recruiting) (Men's Basketball Issues Committee) (Women's Basketball Issues Committee). I think getting rid of volunteer coaches will further rip apart swimming. Because not only is it tough, but it can make it very difficult to manage your personal and work life. This could, in part, be them looking into their crystal ball about what other lawsuits might be forming down the road. Sign up for ClassAction.orgs free weekly newsletterhere. Amend 13.1.3.4, as follows: "13.1.3.4.1 Institutional Staff Members -- General Rule. athletics to return (as opposed to initiate) telephone calls from NCAA legislation limits the number of coaches and other staff members who can work with sport programs along with the types of things that those individuals can do. Allowing volunteers to recruit could help them gain the experience they need to get that next paid role. "13.1.3.4.1.4 (d) Noncoaching Staff Members with Football Sport Bylaws:
set forth in Bylaw 11.7.1.2-(a) on campus only (if the coach has successfully Back To Topics. C.
It can also be a very rewarding endeavor. "11.7.1.2 Recruiting Coordination Functions. I agree with pretty much everything you said. I moved ten times from the day I left for college in 2009 to getting settled in this apartment after COVID-19 hit, McIntire said. Another area for improvement would be changing the rules to allow volunteer assistants to recruit. Coach or be involved in the same sport at a high school. Limitations on the Number and Duties of Coaches and Noncoaching Staff Members. All rights reserved. ESPN and D1Baseball College Baseball Analyst Mike Rooney said on a recent podcast interview that he was tutoring kids in math on Tuesday nights and that his mom was sending him $60 a month to buy groceries at 30 years old. If a school sponsors only one gender or the other, they may use the services of two volunteer coaches: one for swimming, one for diving. Athletics): None. New ncaa volunteer coach careers are added daily on SimplyHired.com. Back To Topics. After a long, protracted fight, college baseball's bid to pass NCAA legislation to transform the volunteer assistant coach position into a third, full-time, paid assistant coach failed in a . subject to any applicable limitations on the number of telephone calls that Not only do they lose that extra potential coach, but they also lose the volunteer they were allowed to have in the past because the NCAA got rid of that opportunity. The filing contends that there exists no procompetitive justifications for the bylaw at issue, as it does not promote retention of entry-level coaching positions, serve as a cost-cutting measure, or help maintain a competitive balance between member schools. [Bylaw 10.1-(a)] 11.7.1.2-(b), but not those functions set forth in Bylaw 11.7.1.2-(c). New cases and investigations, settlement deadlines, and news straight to your inbox. Steps like these will hopefully help these volunteers get their names out there and shed light on the grueling journey of volunteer coaches. All rights reserved. "College baseball is still a criminally underfunded sport in the NCAA with 11.7 scholarships (for schools that . By eliminating volunteer assistant, will individuals no longer be able to volunteer their time with the teams? Coolen said the has to talk to the adminstration about adding another paid coach because he's wondering about funding that position. The money they receive comes from camps, he said. I believe one of the more commented ones was the University of Florida football team. And a volunteer coach may only receive one ticket to a sport other than his or her own if it is in connection with official or unofficial A volunteer coach is prohibited from coaching prospective-student athletes in the coach's sport. prospective student-athletes (or the prospective student-athletes' parents members may make telephone calls to or receive telephone calls from Health and Safety/Sport Science Institute, Guide for the College-Bound Student-Athlete, Division II 2021-22 Academic Year COVID-19 Question and Answer Guide, Actions Approved Related to Regulations and Policies Impacted by COVID-19, Division II Sponsorship Maximum and Minimum Contest Requirements for 2021-22, Division II 2020-21 Academic Year COVID-19 Question and Answer Guide, Division II Membership Webinar from Aug. 10, 2020, Application of Playing and Practice Seasons in Division II Championship Sports, Application of Season of Competition and Extension of Eligibility Self-Applied Relief. This vote is specifically for Division I. D2 and D3 might follow suit, but wont be obliged to. 0000000016 00000 n
The following provisions shall apply: [11.01.5-(a) through 1.01.5-(c) unchanged. The two plaintiffs respectively worked as volunteer coaches for the University of Arkansas and University of California, Davis baseball teams. receive telephone calls from football prospective student-athletes, provided the calls E.
permissible for an institution's president or chancellor and director of In sports other than football and basketball, a volunteer coach is any coach who does not receive compensation or remuneration from the institution's athletics department or any organization funded in whole or in part by the athletics department or that is involved primarily in the promotion of the institution's athletics program (e.g., booster club, athletics . A volunteer coach may not receive housing benefits at any time (including preseason training camp), except during away-from-home contests.