All rights reserved. Using this method, an albatross is able to travel 10,000 miles in a single journey a truly amazing ability. Rest assured we answer all these questions, and do our best to not blow body ratios out of proportion. What Do Crows Eat? Not available new anymore " a diesel-powered model, to be designated the 172 Skyhawk TD ("Turbo Diesel") starting in mid-2008. "Remarks on the taking and recording of biometric measurements in bird ringing", "Within- and among-observer variation in measurements of animal biometrics and their influence on accurate quantification of common biometric-based condition indices", "The Relative Value of Bird Measurements", "The measurement of overall body size in birds", "Measurement Error of External and skeletal variables in birds and its effect on principal components", "What do different bill measures measure and what is the best method to use in granivorous birds? https://paleyinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/StatureLengtheningGuide-Website.pdf, [11] Rozbruch, S. R. (2020, April 28). As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. 40 inches. For example, if a person with 150 Lbs wants to fly, how much should be the least area of his wings? How to handle a hobby that makes income in US, ERROR: CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW WITH DATA cannot be executed from a function. Since then, many adaptations have been sculpted by natural selection, making birds the unique group they are today. I can't remember who suggested this, but this is a plot of the natural log of the wingspan vs. the natural log of the mass. The really small birds seemed to fit a different function than the bigger birds. Royal Society Open Science, 5(5). Add wingtip feathers and the width of the body, and the bird's total wingspan was likely 6.4 m but possibly larger, Ksepka reports online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. [1] This proportion is particularly close to the Golden Ratio of 1:1.6 (1.618). The animal lived 25 million years ago and was found buried at an airport. Root chord length: 7.25" (proportional to size of bird, in this case it is porportional to a bird with a 47" wingspan) Tip chord length: 4.25" (proportional to size of bird, in this case it is porportional to a bird with a 47" wingspan) Weight: 1.5-3lbs. K. Ueyama,
All rights reserved. Weve already established that albatrosses are the largest flying birds in the world, but are they the largest birds overall? The mollymawks are some of the most common albatrosses around. Due to the sheer number of birds affected by the Australian wildfires, Stonemaier Games announced early that the next expansion for Wingspan will focus on the region of Oceania. Everything but a swallow, African, European, or otherwise, laden with a coconut or not. Swallows are mentioned in pages 15 and 24 of the reference "A Cessna 172S, which is a fairly recent airplane" The -S may get a pass (1998), somebody but calling the 172 airframe recent makes me reach for my wooden stake and silver cross :). Andean condors have extremely strong wings, strong legs, and impressive flying abilities, which enable them to . T. Jakobi,
These can often indicate variations more reliably. The Mystery Vehicle at the Heart of Teslas New Master Plan, All the Settings You Should Change on Your New Samsung Phone, This Hacker Tool Can Pinpoint a DJI Drone Operator's Location, Amazons HQ2 Aimed to Show Tech Can Boost Cities. The influence of leg-to-body ratio, arm-to-body ratio and intra-limb ratio on male human attractiveness. Start your day off right, with a Dayspring Coffee To best illustrate the leg to body ratio, you have to . The definition of the length of the tail can vary when some of them have elongations, forking or other modifications. W. Shyy,
Published by at 30, 2022. The wandering albatross often has wingspans reaching 11 feet in length, with some occasionally reaching 12 feet. The shank of the bird is usually exposed and the length from the inner bend of the tibiotarsal articulation to the base of the toes which is often marked by a difference in the scalation is used as a standard measure. Fearow is based off the anhinga, which wikipedia tells me is "35 in (88.9 cm) in length with a 45 in (1.14 m) wingspan.". Dividing arm length by the person's height . Two things jump in my mind. Please familiarise yourself with the rules before posting. One commenter suggested that this was because they use different methods for flying. W. Shyy, , Micro air vehicle-motivated computational biomechanics in bio-flights: Aerodynamics, flight dynamics and maneuvering stability, Integrated modeling of insect flight: From morphology, kinematics to aerodynamics, R. J. Bomphrey,
The Magnificent Argentine bird had a wingspan of 19 feet and a weight of 156 pounds. H. Miura, , Insect-model based microrobot with elastic hinges, K. Y. Ma,
The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. How is a bird's wingspan measured? R.X. M. C. Thompson, , Effects of hawkmoth-like flexibility on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings with different shapes and aspect ratios, D. N. Byrne,
Body length - 58-66 centimeters (22-26 inches) Weight - 700 grams-1.01 kilograms. The largest wingspan on record belonged to an albatross, which measured more than 3.7 meters (12 feet) across! 1. A bird's wingspan is generally obtained from birds that have been collected for scientific research purposes. In the case of cranes and bustards, the length of the tarsus is often measured along with the length of the longest toe to the tip of the claw.[7]. Can airtags be tracked from an iMac desktop, with no iPhone? o 4.3 High aspect ratio wings o 4.4 Soaring wings with deep slots . Finally, to calculate the area of the wings, we need a measure of their width. The wingspan would have to be 30-40 meters. I've been able to find information on wing shapes, but none have really explained the science of why specific wings do specific things, only that shape=result. Add details and clarify the problem by editing this post. Ok. The frigatebird is the largest of the five frigatebird species and has the largest wingspan-to-body size ratio of any bird. How much surface area would a dragon's wings need to let it fly? Aspect ratio: 6.48. That is works out to 8.4 pounds per foot of wingspan. N. Phillips, and
(2008, January 17). WATCH: Sharks biting alligators, the most epic lion battles, and MUCH more. And what about the mass? 2023 Cond Nast. Body length - 58-66 centimeters (22-26 inches) Weight - 700 grams-1.01 kilograms. https://www.goldennumber.net/leonardo-da-vinci-golden-ratio-art/, [2] Versluys, T. M. M., Foley, R. A., & Skylark, W. J. They can be rather imposing birds, standing at heights of 4 ft 5 inches, nearly that of a human. 19H02060, JSPS. I can't exactly solve for a, b, and K since I have three variables and 2 things (slope and intercept). Wood, , Controlled flight of a biologically inspired, insect-scale robot, A. J. Bergou,
10 Kevin Durant Like the great albatrosses, the mollymawks live in the Southern Hemisphere and were only recently distinguished as a separate group. However, it looks like a = 2 and b = 1 would about work. The WIRED conversation illuminates how technology is changing every aspect of our livesfrom culture to business, science to design. They then lock their wings in place through a special biological mechanism and cruise in the clouds. S. Gorb,
On the other hand, artists use head heights to draw realistic anatomy. The average ratio between the femur and the tibia is 0.743, and heterosexual women seem to find men with legs that come close to this average to be more physically desirable. Picture this: an ancient bird with a 24-foot wingspan soaring over the ocean. Did I actually say that? T. Nakata,
According to the Oxford dictionary. Even within the species, however, there are some that are larger than the others. Also, he just kind of flew. Please edit the question to limit it to a specific problem with enough detail to identify an adequate answer. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. The Golden Number. There's a whole world to learn about and Colby is content to spend his life learning as much as he can about it! Aspect ratio = wing length (m)/wing width (m) Generally, high aspect ratio wings give slightly more lift and enable sustained, endurance flight, while low aspect ratio wings are best for swift manoeuvrability. This is important because a bird should be able to totally extend its wings (in the cage) and flap them vigorously for exercise. H. C. Park, , Relationship between wingbeat frequency and resonant frequency of the wing in insects, The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. This gives us a range from about 3 pounds per foot of wing span to 14 pounds per foot of wingspan. This gives us a range from about 3 pounds per foot of wing span to 14 pounds per foot of wingspan. D. Kolomenskiy, and
Selecting this option will search all publications across the Scitation platform, Selecting this option will search all publications for the Publisher/Society in context, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Chiba University International Cooperative Research Center (SJTU-CU ICRC), Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/8/4/046008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2019.04.007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/4/1/015002, https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.93.033124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2010.01.001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103817, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(83)90394-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-010-0389-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2008.09.020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2019.03.021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.11.022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-007-0068-3, https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.92.033004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2020.10.001, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-017-0677-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00162-4, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.148101, Effects of wing-to-body mass ratio on insect flapping flights. Oh, you can find more details on their site at Human Bird Wings. This bird has a remarkably stockier body and a larger bill-to-body ratio than the Downy Woodpecker. Where does this (supposedly) Gibson quote come from? J. Zhao,
In comparison, the largest wild-caught specimens of today's wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans, have a wingspan of only 3.5 m. H. G. Spangler, , Relationship between wing loading, wingbeat frequency and body mass in homopterous insects, Wing-beat frequencies, wing-areas and masses of flying insects and hummingbirds, H. Liu,
If youre considering leg lengthening surgery, femur lengthening is generally a safer option than lengthening the tibia since its less complicated. It is the essential source of information and ideas that make sense of a world in constant transformation. Z. Feng, and
The measurement is made by laying the bird on its back and flattening out the head and neck gently and measuring between the tip of the bill and the tip of the tail. These different species can be broken up into four genera (the grouping above a species): great albatrosses, mollymawks, North Pacific albatrosses, and sooty albatrosses. Less fuel consumption: Having less induced drag means there is less fuel consumption for planes and birds (fat consumption) so they can keep their speed for a longer time than short wide-winged fliers. A versatile, integrated computational model of hovering flight that couples flapping-wing-and-body aerodynamics and three degree of freedom body dynamics was employed to analyze free-flight body dynamics, flapping aerodynamics, and power cost for three typical insects of a fruit fly, a bumblebee, and a hawkmoth over a wide range of Reynolds numbers (. Curious Minds is a Government initiative jointly led by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, the Ministry of Education and the Office of the Prime Ministers Chief Science Advisor. The male emperor penguin loses 40% of its weight during the course of incubation.[10]. The wing is usually measured from the carpal joint (the bend of the wing) to the tip of the longest primary feathers. When measuring wingspan: Albatrosses make up 5 of the 9 largest flying birds in the world! bird wingspan to body ratio Best Selling Author and International Speaker Male Great Horned Owl. When expressed as a ratio, Woods has an ape index of 1.06. The average adult male would need a wingspan of no less than 6.7 meters (~22 feet). We can figure this out by exploring arm-to-body, leg-to-body, and intra-limb (upper-to-lower bone in the same limb) ratios. Conventionally attractive people are also understood to be more sociable, dominant, sexually warm, mentally healthy, intelligent, and socially skilled than others. A 1973 Cessna 177, a sleeker version of the 177 (more streamlined, no struts), has a wing loading of 14.4 Lbs/Sq ft. Or, 0.069 sq ft/lb. A study of over 300 women that examined the effect of ABR on attractiveness found that an ideal ABR doesnt exist, and ABR by itself didnt have any impact on mens appeal.[2]. More than a decade of eyewitness data shows that fainter stars disappear as artificial light brightens the night sky. You won't believe the size of the wings on this bat! Martial arts moves can seem magical, but maybe they just display a mastery of physics. These birds can be random, though. The Great bustard, for instance, is the heaviest flying bird in the world. Length: 1.1-1.3 inches Wingspan: 6-7 inches Weight: 2 grams These are interesting looking bats that have a pig-like nose, no tail, and with ears and a wingspan that are disproportionately large to its incredibly small body. best ipsy brands to choose. What is the correct way to screw wall and ceiling drywalls? The total body weight is an important biological measurement, usually used as a proxy for body mass. I have nothing for you on the wingspan-length relationship, but you might be interested in reading these articles about wings: https://www.scielo.br/j/jatm/a/3WrcFMLN96KyHFDJjQpR85M/?lang=en https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5075716/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2886265/. If he is a 18-feet diameter sphere with extra 1 foot for head and tail each, it can fly without wings if it is full of any gas that is lighter than the surrounding air. Generally, high aspect ratio wings give slightly more lift and enable sustained, endurance flight, while low aspect ratio wings are best for swift manoeuvrability. Let me just say that I, for one, welcome our human bird winged overlords. Larger wingspans of about 13.8 and 17 feet have been reported but they were not verified. Want to improve this question? A high aspect ratio indicates long, narrow wings. Where would this flying human machine fit in this plot? N. Gao,
Your dragon weights 12,000 pounds. Example: Daniel Woods, arguably the greatest boulderer of all time, is 5 8 (68 in) with a 72-inch wingspan. The leg to body ratio is another parameter on which we can judge attractiveness. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. M. Farge,
We all know that the aspect ratio of an airplane is calculate as: A R = b 2 S. Where: A R = Aspect ratio. Dead birds tend to weigh less than in life. Scientists Identify 3 Reasons Why Attractive People Make More Money. The most accurate reports found that West had an 81 inch wingspan, which would translate to 6'9. Big birds tend to glide more. If the height is 57 (67 inches) and the wingspan is 70 inches, the ape index will be +3. Tatum, at 6 8 tall, has a fairly typical height to wingspan ratio for an NBA player. This bird has a wingspan of 3.7 meters and a mass of about 12 kg. For reference, two grown 6ft tall humans would need to stand head to head in order to equal the wingspan of a large albatross. T. Engels,
N. S. Goo, and
Wingspan-to-height or arm-to-body ratio (ABR) is one way to check if your body is proportional. How to make a dragon's whip even deadlier? H. Liu, , A free-flight simulation of insect flapping flight, Perturbation analysis of 6DoF flight dynamics and passive dynamic stability of hovering fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Dynamic flight stability of hovering insects, Enhanced thrust and speed revealed in the forward flight of a butterfly with transient body translation, The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. This majestic bird is a member of the vulture family and can be found in the mountains and valleys of South America. Many believe that the closer the ratio of a mans waist to his shoulder is to 1:1.6, the closer he is to achieving perfection. These sea birds glide over the ocean with a wingspan of up to almost 11 feet (3.35 meters), . The Journal of Social Psychology, 152(3), 370-378. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558830/, [10] Paley, D. (2018). 0. The most important thing though is that . There are at least 22 albatross species, with a possible 24 debated by some researchers. What are (wing area)/(weight) ratio in birds and airplanes? When he isn't distracted by his backyard birdfeeder, you can find him camping, exploring, and telling everyone around him about what he's recently learned. In real life, the ideal proportions for the body depend on the average proportions across the population and what most people find attractive. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Aerodynamic performance of a hovering hawkmoth with flexible wings: A computational approach, Effect of wing inertia on hovering performance of flexible flapping wings, N. S. Ha,
The WBMR and wing mass distribution can lead to large inertial forces and torques in fast-flapping wings, particularly in insect flights, comparable with or even greater than aerodynamic ones, which may greatly affect the aerodynamic performance, flight stability, and control, but still remain poorly understood. I. Okada, and
Induced drag is created at the tips of the wings where the high pressure air from beneath the wing comes up over the wing tips into the low pressure zone. ). In birds of prey the measurement is usually from the bill tip to the ceres. I like to know the usual ratio of wing area over weight in birds and airplanes? The Guardian. H. Liu, , Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity, M. K. Salcedo,
Diffusion models generate incredible images by learning to reverse the process that, among other things, causes ink to spread through water. Press J to jump to the feed. J. Tong,
a larger percentage of bird 1's wingspan is composed of humerus bone. C. Van Den Berg, and
D. McGlinchey, . [9] Additionally, this cannot be easily and reliably measured in the field with live birds. To calculate his ape index as a ratio you divide his wingspan by his height: 72 in / 68 in = 1.06. Generally, they are much smaller, but they can get heavier than an albatross. My initial thought is that a a real life adult European style dragon would be much to heavy to fly no matter how large a wing span it might have. This work was partly supported by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research of KAKENHI, Grant No. However, observations were restricted for technical reasons to birds flying below 200 m and may not represent birds that were seriously committed to long-distance migration.The benchmark wingbeat frequency (f ref) was derived from dimensional reasoning, not from statistical analysis of observations. C.-k. Kang, and
That is works out to 8.4 pounds per foot of wingspan. In some cases, a wingspan of about 9 meters (~30 feet) would be needed, especially for carrying a heavy load. The wingspan is the distance between wingtips when the wings are held outstretched. Is this 6 tonne object supposed to fly by flapping its wings? $L=6,000\,$kg, $v=7.0\,$m/s (about the same as T-rex), $\rho=1.225\,$kg/m^3, and $C_L=1$. The conventions used for measurement can vary widely between authors and works, making comparisons of sizes a matter that needs considerable care.[1]. Y. Yan,
The Andean condor is a powerful glider, taking advantage of the strong air currents found in its mountainous habitats. The ratio of the length of wings to their width is called aspect ratio. Aircraft (biplane): Starr Bumble Bee II - 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) [2] In the long run, though, the leg-to-body ratio has a much more significant effect on attractiveness. Long narrow wings have less end edges (tips) and more stable wing area than shorter wider wings so they have less drag. Genetic analyses show a newly discovered condition called Vexas is more common than previously thoughtand could explain some patients undiagnosed symptoms. Tristan albatross: Tristan albatross also belong to the same family like wandering albatross. (Grades 3-7) Their proportionally massive wingspan offers them a few advantages that separate them from many birds on the earth. [6] Women, on the other hand, benefit from a higher LBR. Scientific American. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Does your dragon needs to take off or does he just glide from cliffs or high places? Human proportions and ratios have a range of deviation, but 9/10 times most people wont notice if you have short arms unless its far outside average. Well, in Romania we have quite a few Russian-born MiG-21 dragons, 48 feet long, weighing 6 tonnes empty and 9 tonnes full, and they fly really fast with a wingspan of 23 feet. While those birds may be impressive, they arent nearly as large as an albatross. How big would a dragon's wings need to be? (2018). Teratornis a vulture like bird had a wingspan of about 12 feet and weighed about 33 pounds. The Secret to Bruce Lees Superhuman One-Inch Punch. M. Yoshino, , Effect of wing mass on the free flight of a butterfly-like model using immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann simulations, Inertial and aerodynamic torques on the wings of Diptera in flight, The aerodynamic performance of passive wing pitch in hovering flight, The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. The wingspan is determined by measuring the distance between the fingertips of both hands when outstretched. The proportional body is seven heads to an artist, and the perfect leg length is four heads. I don't know the powers (a and b) - oh and K is another constant. Yes, he cheats a little bit. No. To maintain human body shape ratio and anything even remotely resembling human you would have big problems with an animal like this. Model hawkmoth wings, M. Maeda,
J. An adult male barn swallow has a wingspan of 3234.5 cm (12.613.6 in) and weighs 1622 g (0.560.78 oz). With these stats, its clear why the albatross is considered to be the largest flying bird in the world without too much of a contest. The preference for leg-to-body (LBR) correlates quite strongly with people usually seen as having perfect bodies lean models, well-built actors, and physically intimidating athletes. Does a summoned creature play immediately after being summoned by a ready action? Bird With Largest Wingspan - Wandering Albatross The "Wandering Albatross" has been declared as the bird with largest wingspan among all the living birds.Its wingspan on average ranges from 8.2 to 11.5 feet (2.51 to 3.50 meter).Larger wingspans of about 13.8 and 17 feet have been reported but they were not verified. K. Ueyama,
bird wingspan to body ratio. Ratios compare two quantities, like the size of one part of the body to the size of another part, or to the size of the whole. How heavy are modern cantilever monoplane wings? ERROR: CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW WITH DATA cannot be executed from a function, Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. Bird measurement or bird biometrics are approaches to quantify the size of birds in scientific studies. 2023 Leg Lengthening Surgery. Worldbuilding Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for writers/artists using science, geography and culture to construct imaginary worlds and settings. (Its a bit like a tightrope walker who holds a long pole across their body as they walk along the rope the extra arm lengths help to balance the body by adding more mass to either side of it.) This means they go slower unless they have extra power to counteract the drag. Scientific name : Balaeniceps rex. The equation we need is: [2][3] The weights of birds are even more prone to variability with their feeding and health condition and in the case of migratory species differ quite widely across seasons even for a single individual. Meet the biggest bird in the world, at least in terms of its wingspan. How do I connect these two faces together? [5] However, this value might differ from country to country and ethnicity to ethnicity since anatomic proportions are mainly genetic. While this isnt as true as it sounds, its close! Navigation. 35-50 inches. While this will make your legs look more proportional, you should remember that the tibia can be safely lengthened up to only 5 cm, while surgeons can safely lengthen the femur up to 8-10 cm.[10]. Algebraically, if you have two numbers, A and B, it has to be such that (A + B) divided by A = A divided by B. What bird has a 6 foot wingspan? Using this equation to calculate wingspan, Wingspan = Weight^.03326; X 2.43, I have determined that a Dragon of this size would have a wingspan of 30 feet, while a Large Dragon weighing 12,000 pounds (Weight of a T-rex) would need a wingspan of 55 feet. Higher fuel consumption: Shorter wider-winged planes and birds have a bigger wing tip edge, which means more induced drag. http://www.limblengtheningforum.com/index.php?topic=2384.0, [5] Bertamini, M., & Bennett, K. M. (2009). It's the tallest bird of the New World, with males standing nearly 5 feet tall with a truly gigantic wingspan of 7.5 feet - nearly 1.5 times their height! An extinct species of bird just discovered may have had the largest wingspan ever. Paley Orthopedic & Spine Institute. bird wingspan to body ratio. Regardless, they average out to about the same in size in wingspan. If you preorder a special airline meal (e.g. Scientists have uncovered the Roman recipe for self-repairing cementwhich could massively reduce the carbon footprint of the material today. T. Aoki, and
Taking off from the water surface is a piece of cake, thanks to its fully webbed toes. HSS. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Mi cuenta; Carrito; Finalizar compra [4][5] In some cases the relative lengths of the longest primaries and the pattern of size variation among them can be important to measure. Data from a semi-nomadic Himba population from Namibia. They are such amazing flyers a rumor developed that albatrosses spend years without touching land. I know I said humans couldn't fly. How about one more plot? Still, that isnt the whole story! Our website services, tools, and content is for informational purposes only. J. Sesterhenn,
Let me just make some guesses. Where $A$ is the area of the wing, $L$ is the mass of the dragon, $v$ is the velocity that the dragon needs to achieve flight, $\rho$ is the density of air, and $C_L$ is the lift coefficient (usually close to 1 for most flying creatures). Unfortunately, they dont hold every size record in the avian world. why does loki have a green cape? They are middle-sized albatrosses when compared to the other species and are also only recently distinguished as genera. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. For reference, an albatross is able to travel the entire earth in a mere 46 days. C.-k. Kang,
The aircraft was later refined into the Turbo Skyhawk JT-A, which was certified in June 2014 and discontinued in May 2018." At the Paley Institute, if the ratio between the femur and the tibia is less than 0.78, your surgeon may recommend you to get tibial lengthening performed. https://www.goldennumber.net/leonardo-da-vinci-golden-ratio-art/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5990728/, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/human-body-ratios/, http://www.limblengtheningforum.com/index.php?topic=2384.0, https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/~kmb/MyPublishedPapers/bertaminibennett2009.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/17/humanbehaviour.psychology, https://www.businessinsider.in/strategy/scientists-identify-3-reasons-why-attractive-people-make-more-money/articleshow/45102751.cms, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26474977/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22558830/, https://paleyinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/StatureLengtheningGuide-Website.pdf, https://www.hss.edu/conditions_limb-lengthening-overview.asp.