bantu expansion genocide

From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. You do not currently have access to this chapter. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. See below. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . . In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. Postulated millennia-long series of migrations. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. . [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. However, I've been told by numerous South Africans that the Khoisan have peacefully lived by Nguni peoples for thousands of years and that it is a division tactic. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. What area? In many ways, it defined the British Empire. 18091. . It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. [29] The western branch, not necessarily linguistically distinct, according to Christopher Ehret, followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system southward, reaching central Angola by around 500BC. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. It is connected with complex population movements starting north of Central Africa and led to the progressive colonisation of a vast area further south. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. followed by the recent Bantu expansion separating the two regions.One . However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. Published online by Cambridge University Press: The southward Bantu occupation of sub-Saharan Africa (south of the Sahara), started some 2,000 years ago, with the introduction of crop farming and iron age technology from Nubia which made expansion, weaponry, conquest and supremacy possible. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Their descendants have largely mixed with other peoples and adopted other languages. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. How do you study history? Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. It has sparked speculation, debate, and curiosity among scholars within the continent and beyond. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. 18091. To make sense of this paradox, the researchers carried out a large-scale comparison of all the ancient African DNA gathered so far, along with living people from across Africa and beyond. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. The hypothesized Bantu expansion pushed out or assimilated the hunter-forager proto-Khoisan, who had formerly inhabited Southern Africa. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. Has data issue: true Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. Total loading time: 0 Of course not. Summary. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. Roberts, A. D. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. By Ellen Rubin. That's a bold claim. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. It's not white supremacist to study history. The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. View all Google Scholar citations Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013.